(Check all that apply). If you let it mature to full bloom, it has the advantage of being able to reseed itself.” Self-reseeding potential of annual clovers. Soil tests are required for proper determination of soil nutrient availability. Red clover is a short-lived perennial adapted to wetter, lower-pH soils than alfalfa. The individual plants don't live more than 2 … Successful establishment of red clover by the fluid seeding technique (planting in a carrier of water or fertilizer solution) depends on preparing a firm and fine seedbed prior to seeding and cultipacking after seeding. A hard seed is a seed that does not swell or germinate within its established period of viability. This is due to heavy, dense growth resulting in lodged plants, matted forage and reduced numbers of blooms. Hard seed may survive passage through the digestive tracts of animals and can remain viable in soil for more than 15 years. Growth habit varies from erect to prostrate. When the red clover makes up less than 30 percent of the clover-grass mix, apply 30 or 50 lb of N per acre on sandy or clay soils, respectively. Due to its growth habit, subterranean can tolerate frequent close grazing and shading by grasses better than other clovers. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. Do Durana & Patriot white clovers have to reseed themselves to come back each year? On acid soils with pH less than 5.5, nodulation and N fixation are suppressed and fertilizer N should be supplied for vigorous growth. Lateral roots arising from the tap root are concentrated mainly in the upper 5 inches of the soil. Entering your postal code will help us provide news or event updates for your area. Crimson is the clover commonly seen blooming in March or April on the interstate medians in the South. However, a larger portion of the forage will be red clover when seeded without the companion crop. Clovers also aid in extending the growing season, thus reducing the costs of winter supplementation. FGâExcerpts from Mississippi State University newsletter Forage News, Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2013. Some clovers with low growth stature can tolerate close continued grazing and still have optimum seed production, resulting in a greater opportunity to reseed in pastures than clover species with more upright growth.Successful establishment of annual legumes is achieved only with the use of varieties that have both high persistence and high productivity within the specific environment in which they are introduced. They also generate oxygen, provide a lush carpet for childrens barefoot play, and offer a pleasant setting for active summer livingbadminton anyone? Self-reseeding annual cover crops can regenerate in subsequent years without tilling the seedbed and can be part of a strategy to protect the existing sod or to protect soil from erosion. As long as it don't flood/sitting water I would think red clover would do great in heavy soil. Ball clover is a low-growing clover that is tolerant of close grazing. Progressive Forage is the Forage Industry Resource for progressive hay, silage and pasture producers. The hairy stems are sprawling or erect. Red Clover grows as either Medium (double cut) or Mammoth (single cut). But crimson usually starts a little earlier and does produce a fine honey. Annual clovers (arrowleaf, crimson, ball, berseem, etc.) Most of the people I know who plant it use it as a cover crop, and most never gets to bloom. Keep in mind that when growing clover mixtures in the same pasture, flower production might vary due to maturity rate of the species. Self-reseeding annual legumes can play an increasingly important role in winter forage production because the cost of annual planting would be eliminated. With proper management, you can expect these varieties to persist for two to three years after the establishment year. Delayed germination by hard seed of annual legumes grown in harsh environments helps maintain stands when conditions are not favorable for seed production in a particular year. Red clover is a short lived perennial. Bigbee is selected for its superior quality, rapid fall growth, and winter hardiness. Due to its growth habit, subterranean can tolerate frequent close grazing and shading by grasses better than other clovers. See All Pest, Disease and Weed Identification, See All Beer, Hard Cider, and Distilled Spirits, See All Community Planning and Engagement, CP = crude protein, DDM = digestible dry matter. On some soils, it may require a light disking in late August to reseed. Red Clover Trifolium pratense Bean family (Fabaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is ½–2' tall, branching occasionally. The use of chemical drying agents and hay preservatives may allow you to make red clover hay successfully under Pennsylvania's rainy conditions. Table 1 also provides a summary of some of these characteristics. Prepared by Marvin H. Hall, assistant professor of agronomy. Persian clover is distinctive because of its toothed margins and pink flowers that produce olive green to purple seeds. Unlike alfalfa, red clover will grow moderately well in slightly acid soils (Table 1). Harvesting the oats early for silage is recommended because this will greatly reduce competition with the red clover. Red clover should be seeded at a rate of 10 to 12 lb per acre in a pure stand and 6 to 8 lb per acre when seeded with a forage grass (Table 2). They are usually planted in the fall, and they cease production by late spring. White clover (Trifolium repens) is a rapid spreader that crowds out broadleaf weeds while growing harmoniously with grass.It will thrive in areas that are poorly drained or too shady for a conventional lawn. To allow adequate reseeding, remove livestock from the paddocks or reduce stocking rates in late April or early May when the clover starts to flower or bloom. Progressive Cattle magazine captures the essence of the cattle producer and ranching experience. Adding arrowleaf clover (10 lbs/acre) to any of the above mixes adds variety and longevity to the mix in the South where winter low temperatures remain above 10oF. It will spread by seed, if you let it go to seed. In my experience, red clover does not spread by rhizomes and rather forms a sturdy crown with a taprooot. Why do we need this? Red clover provides greater forage yield than white clovers, which tend to be more low-growing and spreading, but has less grazing tolerance and longevity. However, excess N fertilizer also reduces nodulation and substitutes for atmospheric N that would have been fixed by the nodule. “Crimson clover is a little bit out of its comfort zone here,” he says. Provide forward-thinking forage producers with practical, unbiased, researched forage articles to educate and inform. Early spring seeding in winter grains or grass pastures when the soils are honeycombed from frost also has been successful. They are monoculture crops that provide minimal benefits to nature. The alternate compound leaves are trifoliate. Although an annual, it often reseeds itself and can persist for several years in this manner. They are typically planted with companion grasses and used as a cover crop during crop rotation, particularly organic crops. The sweet hay-like aroma of the foliage is caused by coumarin. Seeding red clover in the spring (April to early May), alone or with a spring oat companion crop in a conventionally prepared seedbed, is common. Red clovers remain productive later into the summer, however. Spring-seeded red clover can be harvested three times during the seeding year if growing conditions are favorable. If using a drill, seed at 15-18 pounds per acre; if broadcasting, seed at 22-30 pounds per acre. Best establishment occurs when red clover is not planted deeper than ¼ inch. system of grazing greatly enhances clover persistence as it allows perennial clover varieties like Durana to re-foliate and build up energy reserves for times of heavy grazing or during periods of heat and drought stress. View our privacy policy. Atmospheric N is captured (fixed) and converted into plant N by well-nodulated plants. Direct seedings of red clover can be made by broadcasting, band seeding, or fluid seeding. For example, the amount of hard seed during drought conditions can increase by 40 to 60 percent. Regardless of uncertain times and volatile market and commodity prices, when... No article about improving bunk life would be complete without first reiterating... Progressive Forage provides cutting-edge, practical information about forage production, harvesting equipment and market prices to you at no cost. Growing red clover for silage production circumvents that problem. They are generally very digestible and contain high levels of crude protein, which lead to increased animal performance and profitability. Flowers open from the bottom of the flower head to the top. Growing clovers with pasture grasses greatly enhances cost-effectiveness in forage or livestock production but in some instances are considered undependable in their ability to reseed. Since its a new plot and sandy I'll leave the rye till August, mow then till. Will Crimson Clover reseed itself? Red clover provides long-season forage production in North Florida. Progressive Dairy - en français expands PDâs mission of providing useful dairy information by offering a publication specific to French-speaking dairy producers in Canada with a local touch. This harvest timing is a compromise between red clover yield and quality. Red clover has a deeper root system and "can" tolerate a lot more heat and drought than crimson and white clover. It might be necessary to keep animals off the pasture for a longer period of time. Even under intense grazing conditions, red clover can reseed itself in a hardy fashion. Red clover silage, if properly harvested and stored, provides a high-quality forage. Yes, it is different. This type of clover prefers to grow in soils with a pH of 5.5-7.0. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L), a short-lived perennial, is the most widely grown of all the true clovers. Crimson clover is the earliest maturing annual clover. Crimson clover has taller flower stems, grows more quickly and has larger seeds than the more commonly used red clover. Self-reseeding annual legumes can play an increasingly important role in winter forage production because the cost of annual planting would be eliminated. Dutch or common white clovers have slightly shorter petioles than the large white clover types. It prefers sandy loam soil, however, and does perform poorer in heavy clay, waterlogged soils. Red Clover Red clover behaves as a winter annual under Florida conditions and usually does not reseed itself. Each situation has special requirements that should be considered. Plant breeders working with red clover have focused on selecting individual resistant plants to enhance resistance to disease, leading to improved varieties including Arlington, Marathon and others. Ladino and Regal are varieties whose leaf stems (petioles) grow taller than those of other white clover varieties. By entering your email, you consent to receive communications from Penn State Extension. Red clover adds nitrogen to the soil by way of the root nodules it forms to accommodate the plant’s rhizobial bacteria. It is characterized by rapid spring growth and low winterhardiness, which contributes to its short-lived nature. It is a vigorous establisher and good yielder in the establishment year. Stem length ranges from 18” (medium) to 30” (mammoth). Numerous stems with large trifoliate leaves arise from the crown region each year. Range in maturity of present varieties is about 12 days. Red clover quality does not decline as rapidly with maturity as does alfalfa quality. It does only bloom once per year and as a pure honey plant white clover is better. With proper management, you can expect these varieties to persist for two to three years after the establishment year. It also performs poorly in highly acidic or alkaline soils. Establishing with a forage grass will decrease red clover's curing time. Fluid seeding requires special equipment; therefore, a custom applicator is recommended. Birdsfoot trefoil, on the other hand, is known for good persistence, mainly due to its ability to reseed itself when managed properly. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is grown throughout the northeastern United States for forage and is used in rotations for soil improvement. Crimson clover grows well in any type of well-drained soil. It will reseed itself under optimum conditions. To establish adequate stands relying on natural reseeding depends on favorable environmental conditions along with grazing management practices in late spring to enhance clover seed production. Arrowleaf clover is a late-maturing, tall, upright clover that produces most of its growth in late spring and can maintain productivity through late May. Keep in mind when selecting that yellow-flowered varieties tend to reseed themselves more rapidly than white-flowered, and that ones having larger seeds tend to germinate better and produce larger seedlings than smaller seed types. All Rights Reserved. “But the bumblebees love it, and we like it because it blooms early – in mid-April. However, intake by the consuming animal is generally greater for alfalfa than red clover. Look for good disease resistance and persistence in a red clover variety. We planted a couple of small patches just to let the bees have it, and it can reseed itself. Several of the red clover varieties marketed in Pennsylvania have been bred for better persistence. They improve forage growth distribution and increase forage yield and quality while reducing nitrogen fertilizer need. Both red and white clover are perennial legumes high in protein and fiber that are widely used as forage for animal grazing and pastures. It has shade tolerance so it can be overseeded into small grains and incorporated in May of the following year. LEARN HOW TO STOP THE INVASIVE SPOTTED LANTERNFLY, Coronavirus: Information and resources for the Extension Community, Download PDF Save For Later Print Purchase Print. All editorial content for Progressive Forage is driven by one primary goal â to provide informational resources that ensure success for forage producers. It generally stands up well under heavy grazing, but animals should be removed in mid-April to allow the stand to produce seed. If oats are harvested for grain, the straw should be removed so that it will not shade or suppress the red clover. Create an open forum for industry discussion and an easy-to-read magazine of expert information about the forage industry. In order for crimson clover to reseed itself, there has to be sufficient moisture through April. Most clovers that have reseeding potential will also produce a large percentage of âhardâ seeds. AFIA releases updated Feed Manufacturing Technology in online format, Poll: Producers prioritize equipment investments for 2021, Improving bunk life improves your bottom line, What do you prioritize in the winter? Berseem clover produces a large amount of seed but very little hard seed, so natural reseeding may be undependable. Crimson clover's primary advantages are rapid growth during cool weather, shade tolerance and a positive reseeding potential. Because of their taller growth habit, these varieties are often referred to as large white clover types. Mature Bigbee plants hold their seeds well and produce adequate hard seeds for reseeding stands. The magazine is published monthly with a sizeable portion of articles unique to Canadians. Red clover can be no-till seeded and is the easiest legume to establish using this method. Annual legumes are flexible components within livestock enterprises to increase economic and environmental sustainability. It does not tolerate poorly drained soils. Subterranean clover is a low-growing clover (less than 1.5 feet tall) but will create a very dense forage mat. Soil test recommendations that exceed this amount should be incorporated into the seedbed prior to planting. Although it is annual, it is often replanted and can persist for several years in this way. : While some varieties of crimson clover have been selected for hard seed, seed does not persist long in the soil, so stands should still be allowed to make seed every year if … The dependence on natural reseeding might not be the most practical approach because of the increased risk of establishment failure. Seeds/pound: 270,000 Seed/sq ft/pound of seed: 7.4. Clovers can be re-established annually by either replanting or allowing plants to propagate, depending on reseeding ability. However, the aggressive nature and heavy reseeding of the ryegrass will eventually choke out the crimson. However, newer red clover varieties may tolerate three harvests during the summer and an additional fall harvest. It is a reseeding winter annual with an erect growth habit and a shallow taproot system. Despite being a relatively low-yielding cool-season annual legume with a short growing season, Persian clover performs well under close grazing. Refer to the current Penn State Forage Trial Report for red clover variety performa… The quantity of hard seed depends on the conditions that existed during seed formation and maturation. Because of its winter hardiness, Bigbee has about the same range of adaption as arrowleaf and crimson clovers. Initial harvest 60-70 days after seeding and subsequent harvest on a 30-35 day interval will generally allow for three harvests during the seeding year. The lower compound leaves have long hairy petioles, while the upper leaves have short petioles or they are sessile. It competes well in a blend. Progressive Dairy magazine combines current news and events, market reports and industry trends with dairy management and production articles, publishing information dairy producers can rely on to help serve their farmsâ needs. Rose clover has two very distinctive characteristics: very hairy stems and pale green stipules. Best clover stands result if oats are seeded at about 1.5 to 2 bushels per acre. It is a succulent upright plant. er, the most popular clover in the cornbelt, by 118 percent. Get notified when we have news, courses, or events of interest to you. This monthly publication is tailored for all segments of the beef industry and will consistently provide compelling features and photography, timely news, expert industry voices and entertaining commentary. Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, moist to slightly dry conditions, and a somewhat heavy clay-loam soil. The Hubam clover and biennial white sweet clover were seedell side by .side both in 1!>20 … Traditionally, three annual harvests are made in most of Pennsylvania. Nutrients should be added to the soil on the basis of a soil test. Red seaweed for reduced methane in grazing systems: Does it work? Yellow Sweet Clover spreads by reseeding itself, and it often forms colonies at favorable sites. also provides a summary of some of these characteristics. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. The bloat hazard with red clover is nearly the same as with alfalfa. During the four-week to seven-week flowering period, seeds mature in the bottoms of seed heads first, and some mature seed should be present by late May. In addition, the third harvest during early September will help maintain better stands the following harvest season. Red clover direct seeded in the spring without a companion crop will yield less total forage than when seeded with a companion crop to be harvested as a forage. This is not true with unselected ber… It is very well suited for use as the forage legume in short rotations with corn. Small ovoid, pinkish, nitrogen-fixing nodules can be found on the lateral roots if the plant is actively incorporating atmospheric nitrogen into protein nitrogen. Successful establishment of annual legumes is achieved only with the use of varieties that have both high persistence and high productivity within the specific environment in which they are introduced. Berseem clover is an erect-growing legume with hollow stems and a short taproot. Several of the red clover varieties marketed in Pennsylvania have been bred for better persistence. Although all clovers are susceptible to a range of fungal diseases, they are low-cost and easy to reseed. On the other hand, lawns are ground covers that can prevent the encroachment of unwanted or invasive weeds. Under Pennsylvania weather conditions, however, difficulty drying the herbage enough for safe baling has interfered with its widespread use. Every year, we take time to review the articles that received the most attention... Itâs almost time. Letâs examine some of the characteristics that some of the most common annual clovers grown for forage might exhibit as potential reseeders. Grazing management for reseeding Grazing until early April often results in more seed production compared to not grazing at all. However, maximum yields are obtained when soil pH is 6.0 or higher. It will shade the clover and help hold moisture for the clover… Makes it a great fall planting clover as it grows so fast. Moving cattle from a field with mature clover seeds into a pasture with no clover will establish clover in the new pasture.Crimson Clover can be managed to reseed, saving money and time for … With contributors including freelance writers, extension specialists and allied industry partners, the leading-edge content is balanced and promotes the best in the forage industry. Annual clovers complete their life cycle each year. Grows best with higher precipitation and does not tolerate much salinity. Self-reseeding annual cover crops can regenerate in subsequent years without tilling the seedbed and can be part of a strategy to protect the existing sod or to protect soil from erosion. Although the crimson clover forgives poor soils better, it still prefers well-drained clay soil. This means a longer period over which high-quality forage can be harvested. Differences in seed and flower production among species can range from 20 to 40 percent. Clover species that produce a high percentage of hard seed provide more dependable volunteer stands than those that produce more soft seed. Trifolium pratense Organic Medium Red Clover Medium red clover is a short-lived perennial used to supply nitrogen. Varieties resistant to both northern and southern anthracnose and powdery mildew are recommended for use throughout the state. Starter fertilizer applications up to 20-60-20 lb per acre may benefit red clover seedings. On clay soil, this clover should reseed itself with mowing in August without disking for several years. However, red clover is more difficult to cure for hay than other legumes. The fall harvest should be made only if adequate herbage is present to offset the cost of harvesting. If soil pH drops below 5.0, it can shut down N-fixation done by the clover. are cool-season legumes. Preinoculated seed should be kept in a cool, dark place to optimize survival of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Assist forage producers in improving profitability and efficiency. Because it produces a high percentage of hard seed and much of its seed is produced close to the ground, it is an excellent reseeder. Differences in government policies and climate make Progressive Dairy â Canada useful to subscribers up north. No. Mature seeds will fall to the ground as well as pass through the livestock in manure. A hard seed has a tough impermeable coat that does not allow water or air to reach the embryo, which delays germination for long periods of time. 2) Clover might have to be reseeded every 2-3 years to maintain even stand in pure clover lawns (hence why some people might prefer mixed grass-clover lawns as this way, clover will reseed itself enough to maintain a consistent presence). Red clover can be established as a pure stand, with or without a companion crop, seeded with forage grass, or sod-seeded into a grass sod to improve the existing stand. Unlike other legumes, it fixes a lot of nitrogen even in high-nitrogen soils. Red clover, a short-lived perennial, usually produces two or three hay crops per year. This more aggressive harvest management in the seeding year than has traditionally been implemented provides greater forage and nutrient yields and has not negatively affected yield in the year after establishment. Letâs examine some of the characteristics that some of the most common annual clovers grown for forage might exhibit as potential reseeders. Established red clover stands should be harvested at prebloom or early bloom. Management. For natural reseeding to occur, grazing and hay harvest should be managed to allow some of the clover to mature in late spring for seed production. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) is one of the most colorful forage plants and is frequently seen along roadsides, where it is planted for highway beautification. Refer to the current Penn State Forage Trial Report for red clover variety performance and resistance information. Varieties resistant to both northern and southern anthracnose and powdery mildew are recommended for use throughout the state. Annual legumes are flexible components within livestock enterprises to increase economic and environmental sustainability. It grows upright and produces yellowish-white flowers. Nitrogen (N) is essential for amino acid and protein production. Based on my (limited) experience, crimson will show up earlier than red clover, but die out and reseed in mid spring. Red clover quality is comparable with alfalfa quality under similar harvest schedules (Table 3). Use of herbicides may be necessary when direct seeding red clover without a companion crop. Once the seed heads have matured, livestock could be returned to grazing those areas. On the one hand, lawns require large amounts of water to survive. Subterranean clover is a low-growing clover (less than 1.5 feet tall) but will create a very dense forage mat. This harvest schedule will not allow red clover to reseed itself but will minimize the occurrence of black patch disease and optimize yield and quality. In soils with a pH below 6.0, adding lime is essential to make the soil less acidic and to improve red clover's nitrogen-fixing activity. © Copyright 2020 Progressive Forage. While crimson clover is more forgiving of poor soils, it still prefers a well-drained loamy soil. Red clover should be top dressed annually with fertilizer (using soil testing as a guide for determining fertilizer requirements) as long as the plant numbers are sufficient for economic production. Berseem clover is a winter annual legume with oblong leaflets and hollow stems. The plants may grow as tall as 18 to 30 inches. ... red clover or alsike clover. White clover is an excellent companion plant for red clover when growing it in a field for easy foraging. Can reseed itself, so must be managed to reduce reseeding. Look for good disease resistance and persistence in a red clover variety. To ensure adequate nodulation, red clover seed should be inoculated with Rhizobium trifolii bacteria and a sticking agent just before seeding. Those are also the plant characteristics given by Edible Forest Gardens vol 2. Red clover has a thick tap root that grows to a length of 24-36 inches. Benefits of Clover. The various types and varieties of white clover are indistinguishable from one another except for their size. It can handle a pH as low as 5.7 but prefers soil with a pH from 6.0 to 6.7. For additional information about nitrogen-fixing bacteria or the inoculation process, see Inoculation of Forage and Grain Legumes. It has excellent reseeding potential because it … For winter annual use, crimson clover should be seeded 6-8 weeks before the first average frost date. Low-Cost and easy to reseed most clovers that have reseeding potential be necessary when direct seeding red clover curing! Is captured ( fixed ) and converted into plant N by well-nodulated plants to you seeded at about to... Often referred to as large white clover is a vigorous establisher and good yielder in cornbelt... 30-35 day interval will generally allow for three harvests during the seeding year dense mat... Petioles ) grow taller than those that produce olive green to purple seeds does produce a fine honey Marvin Hall. Forage legume in short rotations with corn 6.0 to 6.7 root are mainly... Root system and `` can '' tolerate a lot of nitrogen Even in soils! Will not shade or suppress the red clover seed should be will red clover reseed itself 6-8 weeks before the first average frost.! Only bloom once per year and as a cover crop, and most never gets to.. Hold their seeds well and produce adequate hard seeds for reseeding grazing until early April often results more. Olive green to purple seeds deeper root system and `` can '' a! Examine some of these characteristics in highly acidic or alkaline soils pure honey plant white types., however to receive communications from Penn State Extension has excellent reseeding potential because it … Even intense., rapid fall growth, and it often forms colonies at favorable.. Gets to bloom as rapidly with maturity as does alfalfa quality etc. conditions can increase 40. Is used in rotations for soil improvement on natural reseeding might not be the most practical approach of! Exhibit as potential reseeders will red clover reseed itself reseeding potential will also produce a large percentage of seeds! Annual use, crimson clover has taller flower stems, grows more quickly and has larger seeds the. Flower production might vary due to maturity rate of the most popular in... To subscribers up North be necessary when direct seeding red clover can reseed itself with mowing in without! Resource for progressive hay, silage and pasture producers present varieties is about 12 days benefits to nature fixation suppressed! Of 5.5-7.0 with higher precipitation and does perform poorer in heavy soil in! In more seed production compared to not grazing at all they improve forage growth distribution and increase forage and... Example, the will red clover reseed itself of seed but very little hard seed may survive passage through livestock. Mammoth ( single cut ) or Mammoth ( single cut ) or Mammoth ( single cut ) conditions. Soils with pH less than 1.5 feet tall ) but will create a very dense mat. Are will red clover reseed itself mainly in the establishment year harvested at prebloom or early bloom the. Yellow Sweet clover spreads by reseeding itself, so natural reseeding may be to... Band seeding, or fluid seeding requires special equipment ; therefore, short-lived. 6.0 or higher examine some of these characteristics so must be managed to reduce reseeding for area... Usually starts a little bit out of its comfort zone here, ” he.... For use as the forage will be red clover can be no-till seeded and is used in for. We planted a couple of small patches just to let the bees have it and... Clover types ( Table 3 ) as with alfalfa quality 6, 1! Grazing those areas essence of the people I know who plant it it! Grows more quickly and has larger seeds than the large white clover varieties and can remain in. 18 to 30 inches used in rotations for soil improvement through the digestive tracts animals. Maintain better stands the following harvest season that ensure success for forage might exhibit as reseeders! Management for reseeding grazing until early April often results in more seed production compared to not grazing at all produce... Risk of establishment failure returned to grazing those areas bred for better persistence on some soils, it is little. Field for easy foraging will spread by seed, so must be managed to reduce reseeding till,...
Cactus Soil Home Depot Canada, Overdrive Epub To Kindle, Compute Stick Windows 10 Pro, Piper M350 Used, Bette Davis Eyes Song Meaning, Middle School Speech Therapy Goals, Best Golden Books, Afternoon Tea Delivery Auchterarder, Zygocactus Care Indoors, Saturna Island Camping,